Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) 90-Degree and 45-Degree Elbow Installation General Requirements: Fittings must be approved for the application and allow for access to cleaning. Code References: Sections 310.0, 609.0, and 609.3. Support and Clearance Code References: Sections 313.0 and 314.0 cover supporting and securing piping systems. International Plumbing Code (IPC) 90-Degree and 45-Degree Elbow Installation General Requirements: Fittings must be compatible with piping and installed per manufacturer instructions. Code References: Sections 605.0 and 706.0. Support and Clearance Code References: Section 308.0 addresses support, anchoring, and spacing of piping systems. <strong>Installation Steps</strong> <strong>Ensure Compliance: Verify fittings meet UPC/IPC standards. Select Elbow: Choose 90 or 45 degrees based on need. Prepare Pipes: Cut and clean pipe ends. Dry Fit: Check alignment before final installation. Apply Primer and Cement: For PVC/CPVC, apply primer and cement; for metal, use appropriate methods. Assemble and Hold: Insert and hold until set. Support: Ensure proper support per code.

Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) Section 609.3: Fittings must avoid strain and minimize pressure loss. Section 310.0: Emphasizes proper workmanship for secure, leak-free installation. International Plumbing Code (IPC) Section 706.3: Minimize flow resistance and stress on the system. Section 303.2: Use approved materials suitable for the application.

Key Locations for Cleanouts Base of Stacks Location: At the base of each vertical stack. Reasoning: Provides access to clear blockages and inspect the vertical sections of the drainage system. Change of Direction Location: Where the drainage line changes direction by 45 degrees or more. Reasoning: Facilitates cleaning and inspection at points where blockages are more likely to occur due to directional changes. Building Drain/Building Sewer Junction Location: At the junction where the building drain connects to the building sewer. Reasoning: Ensures access to the main exit point of the building's drainage system for major maintenance tasks. Every 50 to 100 Feet in Horizontal Runs Location: Along horizontal drainage lines, spaced every 50 to 100 feet. Reasoning: Ensures long horizontal runs have sufficient access points for cleaning and inspection. At the End of Horizontal Runs Location: At the end of each horizontal drainage run. Reasoning: Allows for the removal of debris and blockages that accumulate at the end of the line. Roof Cleanouts Location: On the roof for stacks that extend through the roof. Reasoning: Provides an external access point for maintenance without entering the building.

Standard Distance Between Manholes Straight Runs Typical Distance: Manholes should generally be spaced between 90 to 150 meters (300 to 500 feet) apart in straight runs of sewer lines. Reasoning: This spacing allows for efficient maintenance and cleaning access while minimizing the number of manholes needed. Changes in Direction Typical Distance: Manholes should be placed at every change in direction of the sewer line. Reasoning: Placing manholes at bends ensures that any blockages or maintenance needs can be easily addressed. Changes in Pipe Size or Slope Placement Requirement: Manholes should be installed at points where there is a change in pipe diameter or slope. Reasoning: This ensures that different sections of the sewer line can be accessed and maintained effectively. Junctions or Intersections Placement Requirement: Manholes should be located at every junction or intersection of sewer lines. Reasoning: This provides access to all connecting lines for inspection and maintenance.

Common Manhole Sizes Shallow Manholes Depth: Up to 0.9 meters (3 feet) Diameter: Typically 0.6 meters (2 feet) Medium Manholes Depth: Between 0.9 meters and 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) Diameter: Typically 0.9 meters (3 feet) Deep Manholes Depth: Greater than 1.5 meters (5 feet) Diameter: Typically 1.2 meters (4 feet) or larger Standard Manhole Sizes Based on Application Small Access Manholes Diameter: 0.6 meters (24 inches) Usage: For smaller pipelines, used mainly for inspection and minor maintenance. Standard Access Manholes Diameter: 0.9 meters (36 inches) Usage: For general use, providing access to medium-sized pipelines and more frequent maintenance. Large Access Manholes Diameter: 1.2 meters (48 inches) or more Usage: For large pipelines and major maintenance activities, often used in main sewer lines and stormwater systems.

Types of Backdrops Vertical Backdrop Description: Uses a vertical pipe segment to drop elevation. Usage: Ideal for significant elevation changes in limited horizontal space, common in urban areas. Sloping Backdrop Description: Uses a sloped pipe segment for gradual elevation change. Usage: Suitable for areas with more space, like suburban or rural regions. Manhole Backdrop Description: Incorporates a drop inside a manhole, with an incoming pipe higher than the outgoing pipe. Usage: Common in municipal sewer systems for managing elevation changes and providing maintenance access. Cascade Backdrop Description: Series of small, stepped drops. Usage: Effective in hilly or uneven terrain to manage steep slopes. Applications Urban Areas: Use vertical backdrops due to space constraints. Suburban/Rural Areas: Use sloping backdrops where more space is available. Municipal Sewer Systems: Use manhole backdrops for elevation control and maintenance access. Hilly Terrain: Use cascade backdrops for steep slopes.